Competing interests
All authors have no conflicts of interest that could directly affect the content or meaning of this work. However, they have several disclosures relevant to the research topic: JL reports a consultancy agreement with Viz.ai. RK has received support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (grant K23HL153775) and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (grant 2022060). In addition to funding from the NIH and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, RK has received research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk, and BridgeBio through Yale University. He is a co-inventor on pending U.S. patent applications 63/177,117, 63/428,569, 63/346,610, 63/484,426, 63/508,315, and 63/606,203. He is also the academic co-founder of Ensight-AI, Inc. and Evidence2Health, a health platform for improving cardiovascular diagnostics and evidence-based cardiovascular care. DLB has disclosed the following relationships – Advisory Board: Angiowave, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardax, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Elsevier Practice Update Cardiology, High Enroll, Janssen, Level Ex, McKinsey, Medscape Cardiology, Merck, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novo Nordisk, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Stasys. Board of Directors: American Heart Association New York City, Angiowave (stock options), Bristol Myers Squibb (equity), DRS.LINQ (stock options), High Enroll (equity); Consultant: Broadview Ventures, Hims; Data Monitoring Committee: Acesion Pharma, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute, funded by St. Jude Medical for PORTICO, now Abbott), Boston Scientific (chair, PEITHO trial), Cleveland Clinic, Contego Medical (chair, PERFORMANCE 2), Duke Clinical Institute, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (funded by Daiichi Sankyo for ENVISAGE and Concept Medical for ABILITY-DM), Novartis, Population Health Research Institute, Rutgers University (NIH-funded MINT trial). Honoraria: American College of Cardiology (Senior Associate Editor, Clinical Trials & News, ACC.org; Chair, ACC Accreditation Oversight Committee), Arnold & Porter LLP (work related to the Sanofi/Bristol Myers Squibb clopidogrel litigation), Beim Clinical Institute (formerly Harvard Clinical Institute, steering committee for the Boehringer Ingelheim-funded RE-DUAL PCI clinical trial, and executive committee for the CSL Behring-funded AEGIS-II trial), Belvoir Publications (Editor in Chief, Harvard Heart Letter), Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge Translation Research Group (Clinical Trials Steering Committee), CSL Behring (AHA Lectures), Cowen & Company, Duke Clinical Institute (Clinical Trials Steering Committee, including the Ferring Pharmaceuticals-funded PRONOUNCE trial), HMP Global (Editor in Chief, Journal of Invasive Cardiology), Journal of American College of Cardiology (Guest Editor, Associate Editor), K2P (Interdisciplinary Curriculum Co-Chair), Level Ex, Medtelligence/ReachMD (CME Steering Committee), MJH Life Sciences, Oakstone CME (Course Director, Comprehensive Reviews of Interventional Cardiology), Piper Sandler, Population Health Research Institute (COMPASS Steering Committee, Publications Committee, Steering Committee, and US Co-Leader funded by Bayer), WebMD (CME Steering Committee), Wiley (Steering Committee); Other: Clinical Cardiology (Associate Editor); Patent: Sotagliflozin (I am named on the sotagliflozin patent assigned to Brigham and Women's Hospital and transferred by the hospital to Lexicon. Neither I nor Brigham and Women's Hospital receive any income from this patent); Research Funding: Abbott, Acession Pharma, Affiimmune, Aker BioMarin, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beren, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardax, CellProthera, SelenoScientific, Chiesi, Shinko, Cleary, CSL Behring, Eisai, Ethicon, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Forest Laboratories, Fractyl, Garmin, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, Ironwood, Ishemix, Janssen, Javelin, Lexicon, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Moderna, Myocardia, Nilvamed, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Orkin, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Ricardio, Regeneron, Reid Hoffman Foundation, Roche, Sanofi, Stasys, Synaptic, The Medicines Company, Youngene, 89Bio. Royalties: Elsevier (Editor, Braunwald's Heart Disease). Site collaborators: Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CSI, Endotronix, St. Jude Medical (now Abbott), Philips, SpectraWAVE, Svelte, Vascular Solutions. Trustees: American College of Cardiology. Unfunded research: FlowCo. GNN has editorial affiliation with this journal. GNN reports consultancy agreements with AstraZeneca, BioVie, GLG Consulting, Pensieve Health, Reata, Renalytix, Siemens and Valiant Bio, research funding from Goldfinch Bio and Renalytix, honoraria from AstraZeneca, BioVie, Lexicon and Reata, patent or royalties from Renalytix, and holds stock and stock options in Pensieve Health and Renalytix as a co-founder. He has received financial compensation as a scientific board member and advisor for Renalytix, serves on the advisory board for Neurona Health and has an advisory or leadership role for Pensieve Health and Renalytix. All other authors have declared that they have no conflicts of interest.